Economics of Development
Economics of Development
ISSN 1683-1942 e-ISSN 2304-6155 UDC 33
DOI: 10.63341/econ
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Corrections and Retractions

The journal Economics of Development actively supports the principles of COPE and takes a strict approach to any violations of academic integrity. One of the main areas of our work is checking manuscripts for originality and preventing plagiarism.
 
1. Multiple submission
Authors are required to submit only unique manuscripts that have not been previously submitted to another journal. This includes:
  • Direct copying of material from another publication. 
  • Partial copying, including substantial fragments. 
  • Paraphrased copying of results or ideas from another study. 
Resubmission of articles without prior approval from reviewers and without proper disclosure of sources may result in immediate rejection of the article and sanctions against the authors.
 
2. Citation manipulation
Any manipulation of citations, including using quotes to artificially increase the number of references to the author’s work or a specific journal, will result in immediate rejection. Such actions contradict academic integrity and may lead to sanctions for the authors.
 
3. Data fabrication
The journal takes data fabrication extremely seriously. If fabricated or manipulated data (including image manipulation) is found in a submitted article, it will be immediately rejected, and the authors may face sanctions.
If there is suspicion of misconduct or fraud, the journal will conduct an investigation in accordance with COPE’s guidelines. If the investigation reveals serious violations, the following measures may be taken:
If the manuscript is still under review, it will be rejected and returned to the author. 
If the article has already been published online, depending on the severity of the violation, the following actions may be taken: 
  • Correction (Erratum): if a fundamental error, such as an experimental mistake or calculation error, is found that requires correction. 
  • Corrigendum: if a significant error is made by the authors, it will be announced as a corrigendum. 
  • Retraction (Retracted): the article may be retracted if serious violations, such as data fabrication, plagiarism, or authorship manipulation, are detected. 
 
4. Procedure for Erratum, Corrigendum, and Retraction
Erratum: A correction published when there is a fundamental error in the article, such as an error in experimental data or incorrect calculations that need to be corrected. 
Corrigendum: A notice published when authors have made a significant mistake that was caused by their actions. 
Retraction (Retracted): An article may be retracted if serious violations are found, such as: 
  • Unreliable results (e.g., fabricated data, image manipulation). 
  • The same study was published elsewhere without proper citation or license. 
  • Plagiarism. 
  • Fraudulent authorship or authorship manipulation. 
  • Compromised peer review, undermining the scientific integrity. 
 
5. Expression of Concern
If there are suspicions regarding the validity of an article or possible violations of academic integrity, but there is insufficient evidence for immediate retraction, the journal may publish an Expression of Concern. This will have its own DOI and be linked to the original article, providing a brief explanation of the reasons for concern.
 
6. Mass manipulations and “paper mills”
If it is discovered that the article is part of a group of publications compromised through “paper mills” or other fraudulent practices, the article may be retracted as part of this group. The retraction notice will indicate that the article is part of a set of works affected by similar violations.
 
7. Use of Artificial Intelligence
If undisclosed use of artificial intelligence for generating text, images, or other data in a manuscript is found, this may be grounds for retraction. Authors are required to transparently disclose the use of such tools. Concealing this information can lead to serious consequences, including article retraction.
 
8. Authorship fraud and identity theft
Manuscripts may be retracted if fraudulent authorship is confirmed (e.g., using someone else’s personal information or forced authorship).
 
9. Procedure for manuscript withdrawal
If authors wish to withdraw their manuscript before publication, they must contact the editorial team with a clear explanation of the reasons for withdrawal. Once withdrawn, the manuscript will be completely removed from the publisher’s database, although the copyright remains with the authors.
 
10. Accessibility of retractions
Retractions will remain accessible in the journal's archives with a clear “Retraction” label. Full removal of the article from the archive is only possible in exceptional cases when required by legal norms or security considerations.